Through our Studying Arabic language Abroad program, we commit to helping students who are eager to learn Arabic in Egypt. Our academic program offers Quran and Islamic Studies as well. There is no other way more efficient and fast to learn the Arabic language than through direct experience. Our program will immerse you directly in the Islamic ...Al-Azhar University is the largest international Islamic scientific institution in the world and the third oldest university in the world after Al-Zaytuna ...24 Jun 2023 ... The majority of Egyptians are Muslims, making up more than 90% of the nation's population. Islam came into the country in the seventh century AD ...Faculty of Islamic Sciences. Students are given accredited high bachelor degree in Islamic and Arabic sciences– general section by al-Azhar University.This paper focuses on the relationship between state and religious authority institutions in Egypt. It aims to show how the state-cooption of religious institutions like Al-Azhar has been useful for the purposes of political legitimisation.Islamic studies is an in-demand discipline area in Australia, including both classical Islamic studies and contemporary Islamic studies. ... located in the country of their own ethnic background or from countries and institutions that are famous for their Islamic studies programs, such as Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Turkey” (Underabi 2014, p. 11).The average 3 bedroom furnished apartment in Hayy Thamin is about 3500-4000 Junays. These numbers do not include other bills such as electricity, gas, WiFi, etc. It is also important to note that these numbers can easily fluctuate depending on the year. Ideally, students find roommates to split all expenses. .Fulbright Egyptian Student Program – Islamic Studies. Program Goal The program provides fully funded grants for graduates of Islamic Studies from relevant faculties at Al-Azhar University or the faculties of Dar Al-Ulum to pursue graduate studies in [...] READ MORE. 1 2 3 page ...Address: شارع الجامعة، Al Orman، Giza Governorate 12613, Egypt. Acceptance Rate: 90-100%. Cairo University (CU) is top of our list of best Islamic universities on our list. It was founded in 1908 and is a non-profit public university that ranks as the number one university in Egypt, according to uniRank.Fajr Al-Quran Academy is an online Arab Egyptian Academy that teaches Quran, Islamic studies, and Arabic language for all ages and all levels. We are based in Egypt and our tutors are highly qualified Egyptian Azhary teachers .Cairo University, Egypt. The link to this photo or video may be broken, or the post may have been removed. One of the top Islamic universities you can enroll in, Cairo University is accredited by the Ministry of Higher Education and ranks 747 on the global scale. It’s a great place to study engineering and medicine.Address: شارع الجامعة، Al Orman، Giza Governorate 12613, Egypt. Acceptance Rate: 90-100%. Cairo University (CU) is top of our list of best Islamic universities on our list. It was founded in 1908 and is a non-profit public university that ranks as the number one university in Egypt, according to uniRank.Program OverviewThe MA program gives students a comprehensive academic and intellectual grounding on the development and contribution of Arab and Islamic …The Madina Instiute Islamic Studies programs offer comprehensive studies in following course categories - Islamic Sciences, Arabic Language studies, Islamic Leadership, Islamic Chaplaincy & Counseling and Contemporary Islamic Thinking. The core Islamic Sciences cover courses in Quranic Sciences (Ulum Al-Quran), Hadith Sciences (Ulum Al-Hadith ... Dr. Salah Abdel Kareem, Ph.D. in Aeronautical Engineering from Imperial Collage, London University, 1978. He taught aeronautical engineering at the Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University (1980-2000), and has several research and practical activities, including supervision and/or partaking in preparation of feasibility studies or appraisal for several projects.The Centre of Islamic Studies takes video or audio recordings of some speakers and events in order to reach a wider audience. These range from research material to public talks and lectures given at the University of Cambridge. CIS Public Talks - Dina Rezk on 'Virtue, Violence and Virility: Making Egypt’s Presidents' 12 October 2023Available in Administrative zones 2, 3, 4 and 5 only. This syllabus enables learners to develop an understanding the importance of the major beliefs of Islam, and of the early history of the Islamic community. As a result, learners develop their knowledge and understanding of the main elements of Islamic faith and history, evaluating the ...For more information, please refer to the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies website. The scholarship will cover 100% of course fees and a grant for living costs (at least £18,622). Awards are made for the full duration of your fee liability for the agreed course. Awards may be offered in conjunction with other sources of funding, although this ...Al-Azhar Al-Sharif in Cairo founded in 970 is the oldest university in the world and centre of Islamic scholarship. Al-Azhar College is the officially accredited branch of Al-Azhar Al-Sharif in the United Kingdom, awarding degrees and diplomas in Islamic sciences. 25 November 2010 Oxford University Scriptural Reading.For a comparison of the effects of electoral participation on the “political learning” of Islamists in Iran, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt, Palestine, Qatar, and Turkey, see James Piscatori, Islam, Islamists, and the Electoral Principle in the Middle East (Leiden: International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World, 2000).Oct 5, 2023 · Most of the manuscripts originated in Arabia, Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Iran, and other main centers of Islamic civilization. But there are examples from Moorish Spain and the Maghreb in the West, to the Indian sub-continent and the Indonesian archipelago in the East, and even sub-Sahara Africa. Islamic studies is an in-demand discipline area in Australia, including both classical Islamic studies and contemporary Islamic studies. ... located in the country of their own ethnic background or from countries and institutions that are famous for their Islamic studies programs, such as Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Turkey” (Underabi 2014, p. 11).Islamic education in Egypt thrived during the seventh to tenth centuries when Islamic schools established both as primary kuttāb and subsequently advanced to al-Azhar system. Kuttāb as educational institutions emerged as natural, spontaneous at grassroots...Egypt’s foreign policy has entered a new phase since the overthrow of the Muslim Brotherhood on the 30 June 2013 which was followed by President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi’s assumption of power after ... who is currently an M.A. candidate in Abrahimic Studies with a concentration in Islamic Studies at Dallas International University in Texas, the ...8 September، 2020. 23 July، 2020. 10 December، 2019. 22 October، 2019. 4 October، 2019. Egyptian Institute for Studies researches reports assessments politics economic military articles Egypt middle east Turkey Saudi Arabia Iran Qatar Palestine.The message of the Faculty of Fundamentals of Religion in Cairo: The mission of the Faculty of Fundamentals of Religion in Cairo is based on the study and defense of Islam - belief, Sharia and morals - and seeks to prepare specialists in the fields of Islamic studies inside and outside Egypt, and build a generation of preachers who are ...Wednesday, May 22, 2019. Al-Azhar University, in cooperation with World Association for Al-Azhar Graduates (WAAG), introduces the Distance-Learning Program in the Faculty of Islamic Sciences for international students to award (license in Islamic sciences) through Distance Learning in Arabic language. The educational material is presented to ...Schools determine the religious identity of students, and the religious studies courses they should take, based on official identity card designations, not personal or parental decisions. ... While authorities did not ban other Islamist parties, including the Strong Egypt Party, they added Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh, leader of the Strong Egypt ...Oct 15, 2023 · Arabic Studies, with specializations in Arabic Literature, Middle Eastern History and Islamic Art and Architecture (B.A.) Print-Friendly Page (opens a new window) The department of Arab and Islamic Civilizations provides a multi-disciplinary framework for the study of the history and culture of the Middle East since the rise of Islam. An engaging Islamic studies Curriculum spanning across 10 years – These books have been developed to ensure that they are enjoyable whilst being ...Oct 20, 2023 · Al-Azhar University aspires to be the world leader in providing true Islamic thought based on moderation, achieving merit and excellence in the field of university education and scientific research and preparing cadres at the local, regional and global levels in a climate characterized by independence, freedom, democracy and equality. Students wishing to primarily focus on Islamic studies can join this program. The program combines Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and Islamic Studies, in an intensive course, of 7 or 14 weeks during the Summer, Fall or Spring semesters. The program consists of 10 hours of MSA, and 3 hours of Egyptian Colloquial Arabic per week, in addition to 6 ...The war between Israel and Hamas is commanding the attention of the world and sharply dividing international opinion.. Why it matters: Israeli leaders are intensely …Faculty of Asian and Middle East Studies, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract This article examines the historical roots of juridical moral regulation in modern Egypt, assessing the relationship between modern law and shariʿa through the lens of the influence of the Islamic practice ofIslam Zaabal is an Egyptian political researcher, preparing for a master's degree in political science . Ismail Al-Masry. ... She holds an MA Degree in Contemporary Islamic Studies, Al-Quds University, 2012. Jamal Delh. Professor of Political Science and Head of Politics & Economics Dept. at Institute of African Research and Studies - Cairo ...Al-Azhar University has an impressive history and is Egypt's oldest degree-granting university. The university was founded in 970 or 972 in Cairo, Egypt providing the opportunity to study Islamic law, logic, grammar, and rhetoric.Until October 7, 2023, many in Palestine, Israel, and elsewhere may similarly have dismissed or discounted the acuity of Hamas's aims and ambitions, its true objectives, and its as-yet ...Al-Azhar University is located in Cairo, the capital city of Egpyt, in the Nasr City neighbourhood. Al-Azhar University has an impressive history and is Egypt's oldest degree-granting university. The university was founded in …Alexander Volkanovski says he lost 26.5lbs in 11 days ahead of his highly-anticipated UFC lightweight title rematch against Islam Makhachev at UFC 294. The pair …Islamic Studies in Bachelor of Shariah islamiyyah at University Al Azhar Cairo Egypt · Lesson location · About Iffah · About the lesson · Rates · Similar Arabic ...This volume collects studies exploring the relationship of Christians and Muslims in everyday life in Early Islamic Egypt (642–10th c.) ...Alexander Volkanovski says he lost 26.5lbs in 11 days ahead of his highly-anticipated UFC lightweight title rematch against Islam Makhachev at UFC 294. The pair …Oct 20, 2023 · Al-Azhar University aspires to be the world leader in providing true Islamic thought based on moderation, achieving merit and excellence in the field of university education and scientific research and preparing cadres at the local, regional and global levels in a climate characterized by independence, freedom, democracy and equality. ARIC 465-466/5122-5123 - Islamic Architecture in Turkey, Persia and Central Asia (3 cr.) ARIC 467/5124 - Islamic Architecture in Spain and North Africa (3 cr.) EGPT 361/3201 - Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt I (3 cr.) EGPT 362/3202 - Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt II (3 cr.)Post-covid Madina Institute is back to offering the Islamic & Arabic Studies programs in-person at Madina Institute campus in Duluth, GA. In-person Programs "When Allah wishes good for someone, He bestows upon him the Understanding of Deen" "من يرد الله به خيرًا يفقه في الدين"It is important not to confuse her work with Islamic bioethics scholarship where the scriptural sources of Islam and the writings of Islamic authorities relating to health, medicine, and bioethics are analysed. 1 While these distinctions are not always clear, the sources of study and methodologies employed to carry out Muslim bioethics work ...Cairo is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Middle-East and second-largest in Africa after Lagos. Cairo is situated near the Nile Delta, spanning the northeast corner of Africa. ... commerce, engineering, Islamic studies, anthropology, accounting, economics, business administration, law, information science and many more. Career ...For further evaluation of your written and speaking skills email [email protected] and schedule a free consultancy with one of our experts (25 min. Online call included). Arabic Language Online. Ahlan World is comprised of Arabic language schools in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Italy. Each of the centers shares Ahlan World’s philosophy ...This program is supported by additional courses in the Armenian Studies Program, Classical Studies, the Frankel Center for Judaic Studies, History, the Interdepartmental Program in Greek and Roman History, the Islamic Studies Program, the Program in Ancient Philosophy, and the resources available at the Kelsey Museum of Archaeology and the ... Hasan, a secular Muslim, acknowledges her debt to her teacher in political science at Harvard, Michael Walzer, and alludes to his study of puritan politics, Ttie Revolution of the Saints: A Study in the Origins of Radical Politics (London, 1966): Hasan, , Christians versus Muslims, x, 82, 85Google Scholar.Hasan, a secular Muslim, acknowledges her debt to her teacher in political science at Harvard, Michael Walzer, and alludes to his study of puritan politics, Ttie Revolution of the Saints: A Study in the Origins of Radical Politics (London, 1966): Hasan, , Christians versus Muslims, x, 82, 85Google Scholar.The most important aspect of Islamic Studies is learning about (and practicing) good behavior. The prophet SAW said. “I was only sent to perfect good character.”. Narrated by Ahmad (8729); classed as saheeh by al-Albaani in Saheeh al-Jaami‘ (2349) First and foremost, we as parents must take a look at ourselves prior to parenthood and for ...Sultan Qaboos bin Said Professor of Arabic & Islamic Studies. Email: [email protected]. Interests: The ritual, performance, and performative underpinnings of classical Arabic poetry in its literary-historical settings. A specialist in Classical Arabic Poetry, Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych has published extensively in English and Arabic.Online Islamic Studies Program. Courses include Arabic Grammar, Morphology, Seerah, Hadith, Tafseer and Fiqh. Affordability without sacrificing quality.Her research has been supported by grants from the American Institute for Maghrib Studies (AIMS), the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at Georgetown University, and the Department of Arabic and Islamic Studies. In addition to her academic research, Karen has done extensive work in Arabic translation, lexicography, and consulting. Founded on 21 Dec 1908, is Egypt’s premier public university. currently, the University enrols 155,000 students in 22 different faculties. It counts 3 Nobel Laureates among its graduates and by enrollment, it is the 50th largest institution of higher education in the world. In QS ranking 2018 Cairo University was ranked 2nd in Egypt. The Islamic Studies Program meets the need for accurate and rigorous knowledge of a religious tradition that has shaped countless aspects of human history and culture, stands at the center of political and cultural debates in the United States, and yet continues to be examined reductively in the public square. www.edarabia.com is using a security service for protection against online attacks. This process is automatic. You will be redirected once the validation is complete.We also discuss how Mary's combined methodological approach of historical textual analysis and ethnography allowed her to capture the complex lived reality of the Islamic tradition in Egypt today and contribute to the broadening, interdisciplinary nature of Islamic studies.The available faculties for the. New International female students. And Tuition fees (foreign currency) Tuition fees. Faculty of Islamic and Arabic studies for girls in Cairo. Department of Islamic Theology. Department of Islamic jurisprudence. Department of jurisprudence and law. Overview. The Bachelor of Arts in Islamic Studies (BAIS) provides students with a rich exposure to religious and theology studies that is firmly rooted in the classical works of Islam. IOU’s BAIS draws on the classical teachings of Islam; and through sound pedagogical approaches, relates these teachings to contemporary affairs and the modern ...Islam - 94.9%. Approximately 94.9% of the population of Egypt is Muslim. The majority of these individuals follow Sunni Islam and a minority is made up of Mu’tazila, Shia Twelvers, and followers of Ismailism. Egypt is home to Al-Azhar University, the most important and oldest university of Islamic studies in the world.Oct 5, 2023 · (İslam Araştırmaları Merkezi) is the best research library in Turkey for Ottoman and Islamic studies." Islamic Heritage Project Through the Islamic Heritage Project (IHP), Harvard University has cataloged, conserved, and digitized hundreds of Islamic manuscripts, maps, and published texts from Harvard’s renowned library and museum ... As of 1996, over 4000 teaching institutes in Egypt were affiliated with the University. Founded in 970 or 972 by the Fatimids as a center of Islamic learning, its students …For example, in his analysis of the Western origins of Islamic discourse in Egypt's modern legal thought, Leonard Wood states that his book “is more interested in juridical thought and less interested in juridical practice for the simple reason that during the period under study [the 20th century], the practice of Islamic law became nominally ...Oct 5, 2023 · Publication Date: 2011-11-16. Rethinking Islam Studies by Carl W. Ernst (Editor); Richard C. Martin (Editor); Bruce B. Lawrence (Afterword by) ISBN: 9781570038921. Publication Date: 2010-05-30. Sources in the History of the Modern Middle East by Akram Fouad Khater. Call Number: olin DS62.4K53 2011. ISBN: 9780618958535. The oldest university in Egypt, it was built between 970 to 972. Its aim is to provide the people with the knowledge needed regarding Islamic Law, logic, grammar, and rhetoric. With AlAzhar university, you can Apply for undergraduate and postgraduate programs. The main programs offered by the university include science, medicine, management and ...Called "the city of a thousand minarets" for its numerous buildings representing Islamic architecture, Cairo is associated with Ancient Egypt as it is close to the ancient city of Memphis, home to Giza Pyramids and the Sphinx. Cairo has some of the world’s top universities, including a reputed institution, the second oldest in the world.2 Gavin N. Picken, Islamic Law, critical concepts in Islamic Studies, Vol. IV, Islamic law in the modern world, Routledge, 2011. see Muslim World: A Journal Devoted to the study of Islam and Christian_ Muslim Relations, 96:4(2006), 661-685. 3 Islamic Law, critical concepts in Islamic Studies, see Wael Hallaq, “From Fatwas to Furu: GrowthThe Institute of Islamic Studies offers two (2) MA programs: a general MA in Islamic Studies, and an MA in Islamic Studies – Gender and Women’s Studies Concentration. A) Master's Degree in Islamic Studies Degree Requirements To be granted a Master's degree in Islamic Studies, students must meet the following degree requirements (total of 45 …An engaging Islamic studies Curriculum spanning across 10 years – These books have been developed to ensure that they are enjoyable whilst being ...Islamic Philosophy Online. Books and articles on Islamic philosophy, ranging from the classical texts in the canon of Islamic philosophy to modern works of Muslim philosophy. Teaching Islam (2003) Previously part of the now retired Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Islam and Islamic Studies Resources (Alan Godlas, UGA)Through our Studying Arabic language Abroad program, we commit to helping students who are eager to learn Arabic in Egypt. Our academic program offers Quran and Islamic Studies as well. There is no other way more efficient and fast to learn the Arabic language than through direct experience. Our program will immerse you directly in the Islamic ... AUC New Cairo, AUC Avenue, P.O.BOX 74, New Cairo 11835, Egypt. Arab and Islamic Civilizations Department. Room 2167, Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud …Students wishing to pursue a minor in Islamic Studies should meet the minimum academic and admission requirements set by AUC. Academic Requirements Admission Requirements Arabic Studies - BA ... New Cairo 11835, Egypt. t 20.2.2615.1000. AUC Tahrir Square Campus. 113 Kasr El Aini St., P.O. Box 2511 Cairo, 11511, Egypt t 20.2.2615.1000 hotline ...Rarely can one claim that any aspect of Islamic Egyptian history is understudied by comparison with its neighbors. The country's status as a so-called ' ...Islamic Egypt, 640–1517 Nn Volume 1 of the cambridge history of egyptaddresses the period from the Arab invasion in 640 to the Ottoman ... Early Ottoman Egypt: Studies in the Writings of «Abd al-Wahha¯b al-Sha«ra¯nı¯ (1982) and Egyptian Society under Ottoman Rule, 1517–1798 (1992). xii Contributors.Oct 5, 2023 · Most of the manuscripts originated in Arabia, Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Iran, and other main centers of Islamic civilization. But there are examples from Moorish Spain and the Maghreb in the West, to the Indian sub-continent and the Indonesian archipelago in the East, and even sub-Sahara Africa. The required documents to apply from inside Egypt for students wishing to study at Al-Azhar Al-Sharif at their own expense: 1- A valid residence copy. 2- A valid passport copy. 3- The approval of the embassy to study at Al-Azhar Al-Sharif. 4- Copies of academic certificates (if any) authenticated by the Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Oct 5, 2023 · Publication Date: 2011-11-16. Rethinking Islam Studies by Carl W. Ernst (Editor); Richard C. Martin (Editor); Bruce B. Lawrence (Afterword by) ISBN: 9781570038921. Publication Date: 2010-05-30. Sources in the History of the Modern Middle East by Akram Fouad Khater. Call Number: olin DS62.4K53 2011. ISBN: 9780618958535. . What is q in math
Available in Administrative zones 2, 3, 4 and 5 only. This syllabus enables learners to develop an understanding the importance of the major beliefs of Islam, and of the early history of the Islamic community. As a result, learners develop their knowledge and understanding of the main elements of Islamic faith and history, evaluating the ...Islam - 94.9%. Approximately 94.9% of the population of Egypt is Muslim. The majority of these individuals follow Sunni Islam and a minority is made up of Mu’tazila, Shia Twelvers, and followers of Ismailism. Egypt is home to Al-Azhar University, the most important and oldest university of Islamic studies in the world.The study contributes to the literature by highlighting economics, social practice, theoretical and managerial implications related to alcohol service in Egypt and suggests a way forward for global Muslim staff working in the hospitality, tourism, and travel industries.,The study uses an analytical approach involving a review of literature ...Oct 1, 2022 · A large number of dissertation and postdoctoral fellows leave Egypt for follow-on fellowships. Recent fellows have been awarded fellowships with the Andrew Mellon Foundation, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Institute for Middle East Studies, the Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton), and the Historians of Islamic Art Association. If you plan to study German or German studies in Egypt, we kindly ask you to get directly in contact with the university. Studying on an undergraduate level is possible at the following faculties and universities in Egypt, some of them also offer postgraduate courses on a MA and PhD level: Culture and Arts Institute at 6. October University.Oct 15, 2023 · Arabic Studies, with specializations in Arabic Literature, Middle Eastern History and Islamic Art and Architecture (B.A.) Print-Friendly Page (opens a new window) The department of Arab and Islamic Civilizations provides a multi-disciplinary framework for the study of the history and culture of the Middle East since the rise of Islam. 20 May 2023 ... Islamic education in Egypt thrived during the seventh to tenth centuries when primary Islamic schools were established as kuttābs, which ...21 Oct 2014 ... The Turkish desire to build an Islamic university in Istanbul to replace Al-Azhar also angered Egypt's Islamic Research Academy, the highest ...As of 1996, over 4000 teaching institutes in Egypt were affiliated with the University. Founded in 970 or 972 by the Fatimids as a center of Islamic learning, its students …1. Introduction. Islamic inheritance law, known as farâidh is an Islamic teaching that requires its adherents to be used as a guideline in inheritance-related actions (Asni et al., Citation 2021; Barlinti, Citation 2014; Hassan-Bello, Citation 2018; Maryati, Citation 2019; Uyuni & Adnan, Citation 2021).If there is death among Muslims and the deceased has an …Islamic Egypt," in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 43, 1 (1980), 57-59. 7 Crabbs, The Writing of History, 79; also Donald Reid, "In-digenous Egyptology: The Decolonization of a Profession?," in Journal of the American Oriental Society 105, (1985), 236. 8 Jamal al-Din al-Shayyal, A History of Egyptian Historiog-If you plan to study German or German studies in Egypt, we kindly ask you to get directly in contact with the university. Studying on an undergraduate level is possible at the following faculties and universities in Egypt, some of them also offer postgraduate courses on a MA and PhD level: Culture and Arts Institute at 6. October University.May 17, 2018 · Where exactly in Egypt are institutes located? Whilst I’m sure that you will find Arabic institutes in Alexandria and perhaps Giza as well -even after the coup (a lot were closed down)-, Nasr City in Cairo definitely has the majority of them. You will find this city to be populated with foreigners from all over the globe. For example, in his analysis of the Western origins of Islamic discourse in Egypt's modern legal thought, Leonard Wood states that his book “is more interested in juridical thought and less interested in juridical practice for the simple reason that during the period under study [the 20th century], the practice of Islamic law became nominally ...Islamic schools, known as Al-Azhar schools, run a curriculum similar to the standard national curriculum, but with extra emphasis on Islamic values and Quran ...The multidisciplinary minor in Islamic Studies provides the intellectual training to approach Islam - and the world - in a historically and culturally informed manner, challenging stereotypes while exploring the diversity, complexity, and creativity of Islam and Muslim communities world-wide. Special community-engaged courses also offer ...Many civilizations have come and gone throughout world history, but none have been quite as fascinating as Ancient Egypt. It lasted from around 3150 BC to around 30 BC, but its legacy lives on today.Coptic Christians make up Egypt’s largest and most significant minority population and the largest population of Christians in the Middle East. It is an Eastern Orthodox tradition, and most Copts follow the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. Historically, the Coptic Church has roots in Egypt originating in the earliest days of Christianity; Christian ….